Défense de la sunna

Salam aleykoum

La seconde source de l'Islam est la Sunna
Depuis le début de l'Islam, nombreuses furent les tentatives de la pervertir, vu qu'il était difficile de toucher au Coran
C'est ainsi qu'est née la rigoureuse science du Hadith

Le but de ce post est de fournir un certain nombre d'informations venant modérer les contre-arguments classiques des anti-sunna
 
Development of Early Hadith Literature, Principal of Collection And
Genre of Authenticity

Faute de pouvoir trouver un lien mettant le texte, j'en ferais un copier coller

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Introduction
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has a special place in the history and culture of Islam. Not
only was He the leader of the Muslim community, and the vehicle through whom the Qur`an was revealed,
but he was also considered, by virtue of his status as a final Messenger of God 1and to be a suitable model
for human behaviour.2 Because of this, His leadership guided the community while he was alive, but his
example was believed to be normative long after his death. The Qu’ran orders Muslims to follow the
example of the Messenger and so from the very beginning the Companions (sahaba) concerned themselves
with following the Sunnah (conduct or customs) of the Prophet, which was embodied in hadith (reports or
anecdotes narrating his words and deeds.) Since these hadĭths were an important source for the
development of Islamic law, the community had to know which traditions were reliable, and which were
clearly fraudulent. But the problems of hadĭth have led to much disunion over authenticity, and have led to
development of the complex science of hadĭth as it serves as an additional link between Prophet
Muhammad and the Qur'an. One can question the authenticity of the hadĭth, which contradict the Qur'an;
however, if one were to dismiss the whole corpus of hadĭth, the very foundations of practiced Islam would
be threatened.
As Sprenger wisely remarks that, while he is prepared to believe that no real books were produced before
A.H.120, he cannot believe that traditions before this trusted wholly to their memory and had not at least
written notes.3 The subject of this article is not corpus of hadĭth material, but only analysing the
collection of early period and its authenticity.
Early Western Approach to the Hadith
Before we attempt to portray a positive picture of the methodology of religious discipline in the earliest
period of Islamic history, which proved decisive for the subsequent religious development of Islam, a brief
critical review of the treatment of the subject of hadith by the leaders of modern Western scholarship in
this field is necessary.
Many Western scholars have accepted, with some reservations, these assumptions and used hadith as fairly
reliable historical sources, but for many others the authenticity and the date of origin of the Hadith material
are issues that have produced and continue to produce, heated debate.
Western studies of Islam since the second half of nineteenth century have pointed out that this method of
hadith criticism is unreliable and have concentrated on the content of the text when judging the
authenticity of a hadith. In 1848 Gustav Weil, after nothing that al-Bukhari deemed only 4,000 of his
original 600,000 hadith to be authentic, suggests that a European critic is further required to reject without
hesitation at least half of these 4,000. Aloys Sprenger,4 who also suggests that many of the haditth material
cannot be considered authentic?5
A Hungarian Scholar Ignaz. Goldziher’s thesis that the traditions ascribed to the Prophet and the
Companions (Sahaba) contained in the classical collections of hadĭth, are not authentic reports of these
persons but rather reflect the doctrinal and political developments of the first two centuries after
Muhammad’s death6 is based primarily on analysis of the content of the hadĭth, (matn) and not the
transmitters.

1 See Al-Quran. Surah Ahazab.40
2 Al-Qur’an Ahzab: 21
3. See. Robson ,j .Tradition, The Second Foundation of Islam ,.Ref: ZDMG, 1856, p.5.
4 . Berg ,H . The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam.. p. 9
5 Sprenger concludes his study of the sunna by saying that in his judgement the sunna is comprised of more true material than false, and that the sira more false
than tru. Sprenger, Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammad, 3:civ
6 . See, Goldziher, Muslim Stdies, (volume) 2 :19

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Like Goldziher, Schacht7 proposed general statements concerning the time, first studied their contents and
classified them within the frame work of the development of the issue to which they were refer.8 He
considered criteria from the isnid only secondarily. But as historical facts, and he did not limit his
conclusion to the legal ahadith, on which he had based his theories. Goldziher introduced scepticism about
hadĭth. Schacht and Setter suggest plausible mechanisms for the creation of false hadĭth. Because this
scepticism strikes at the very foundation of early Islamic literature, the rest of the edifice begins to
crumble. The very piece of evidence that is meant to guarantee genuineness of the matn, the isnad, is being
summarily dismissed as a fabrication. Therefore, to non-sceptics the conclusions of Goldziher and Schacht
are wrong because they are based on a misunderstanding of the transmission system. In other words, their
(false) assumptions about the nature of hadĭth, has led then to (false) conclusions. And so, their arguments
seem contrived, circular, and contrary to reason to those who disagree with them.
Hadĭth its Meaning, Concept, and Authority
The Arabic word hadĭth has the primary connotation of ‘new’ being used as an antonym of qadim, ‘old’.
The term Hadĭth applied to specific reports of the Prophet’s words and deeds as well as those of many of
the early Muslims. The hadĭth literature means the literature, which consists of narrations of the life of the
Prophet and the things approved by him. Some other words were also used in the same sense, such as
khabar and athar9. However, there is another key word, though a little different from the term hadith in the
meaning, yet used mostly as synonymous, that is the term sunnah. Tariqah / shir’ah and minhaj10 are
parallel of the Sunnah.
The Divine guidance, which came verbally in the necessary in the form of Qu’ranic Revelation, provided a
kind of necessary background foundation for the Sunnah. Although, therefore, a difference can be made
between the Qur’an and the Sunnah, the two cannot be fundamentally divorced from each other.11For, the
Sunnah is, more or less, a concrete implementation of the Divine will. “Sunnah means a path, and is a
general term for the practice of a community.”12 It means tradition in the sense that certain customs are
traditional, weather or not there is a saying to support them.
In early Islam after death of Prophet (peace be upon him) when Islam was spreading the Qur’an and
Sunnah were lost in the heat of the controversy. It goes to the high credit of al-Shafi’i that he perceived the
utter futility of the pleading for the Sunnah as a separate entity, in which case it was bound to clash with
the express words of the Qur’an here and there and thus provide the opponents with an argument against
itself. Al-Shaf’i insisted13 on taking the Qur’an and the Sunnah together and at par so as to eliminate the
very prospect of having the one set against the other. Most significant is his denial that the Qur’an
constitutes the test of the veracity of the Sunnah.

7 .J.Schacht, Orgin of Muhammad ‘s Jurisprudance , Oxford 1950-
8 . See.J.. Schacht, the Organis of Muhammad Jurisprudance. P.1 and passim. See also Motzki,H. Journal
of Near Eastern Studies, 50 no. 1. 1991
9 However, some scholars mostly of Khurasan region used to differentiate between khabar and athar. They
used the khabar in the sense of hadith and the term athar restricted to the sayings and decisions of the
Companions
لكل جعلنا منكم شرعة و منهاجا: 10 . Cf. the Qur’anic verses
11. The Sunnah: Ist Place in Islam, Institute of Islamic Culture: 1966. P, 1
12 . Muslim, Sahih (Cairo, 1349/1930), I, p.48
وان قول من قال: تعرض السنة علي : 13 It is interesting to note the following ingenious retort to the anti-traditionists
القرآن, فان وافقت ظاهرهو والا استعملنا ظاهر القرآن و ترآنا الحديث, جهل لما وصفت,فابان الله لنا ان سنن رسوله فرض علينا بان نتهي اليهما, لاان
cf. Shafi al- Risalah, Cairo, 1940, p.224 لنا معها من الامر شياء الا التسليم لها و اتباعها, ولا انها تعرض عل قياس ولا علي شيء الخ
et seq.
 
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Carrying of knowledge of ahadith
After the prophet’s death, when his companions scattered throughout the new provinces, many of them,
and many of the Successors, undertook lengthy and difficult journeys, courting poverty and various
hazards, in order to learn and collect as many hadiths as they could.14
Prophet Muhammad, (pbuh) then has probably been the most influential single figure of world history.
With his spiritual charisma, his straightforward honesty, the eloquence of the book which he brought, and
the revolutionary effects of his activities, the eyes of friend and enemy alike were riveted upon him, noting
his every act and statement. According John Burton, “to his enemies, he was a revolutionary bent upon
destroying the whole fabric of their society, whose activities had to be keenly watched if the progress of
his mission was to be suppressed. His words must have been the focus for endless reflection”.15
A vast corpus of individual narratives, consisting of supposed eye-witness account of Muhammad’s every
act, his orders, prohibition, recommendations, approval or disapproval, covers every conceivable aspect of
personal, private, domestic, public, political, commercial, military, fiscal and administrative, as well as
strictly religious, activity undertaken hour by hour, day by day, week in, week out, year after year of the
twenty-three years of his public ministry. All that he had ever been seen to do, or heard to say, or to reply
when questioned had, it was clamed, been reported by one or other of his inner circle and immediately
taken up, talked about, analysed, checked, stored memorized and preserved and then handed on to any who
had been absent by those who had been present to see, hear and record. 16
So much veneration and respect did the Companions have the Prophet that one of them collected some of
his perspiration, which was said to have been ‘sweeter than musk, and stipulated in his will that it should
be sprinkled on his body before it was put into the grave. Others preserved anything that had been touched
by him, and used it as a miraculous cure for disease. Still others presented their children to him for his
blessing.17 It is said to have been a common practice among the friends of the Prophet that whenever any
two of them met, one would enquire from the other whether there was any hadith (i.e. news of the
Prophet’s acts and speech), and would tell him what he knew. The Prophet himself, ‘was conscious of his
mortality attached a good deal of importance to the Knowledge of his own hadith. He used to ask his
Companions to make them as widely as possible, and take care than nothing should be falsely attributed to
him’. 18
He encouraged his followers to acquire knowledge (i.e., of the Qur’an and Sunnah ), and teach it to others
. The course of study which he prescribed for people of the Porch (ashab al-suffa,), those ascetics who
lived at a porch attached to his house, included the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and the art of writing19 Appointing
state official i.e. “Qadis, judges, Imams, and other prominent dignitaries, he prefer those who have the
knowledge”.20 In this way, the hadith literature originated in the early life of the Prophet of Islam,
developed largely through his life, and spread simultaneously with the spread of Islam through out the new
Muslim dominions. The Muslim armies, which conquered Syria, Palestine, Persia and Egypt, ‘included a
large number of the Companions of the Prophet, who carried his hadith with them wherever they went’.21
A unique contribution from Fazul Rahman is his theory of the “silent”22 transmission of Prophetic sunna.
That is, many early Muslims simply lived out the words and acts of Muhammad. And this silent, living
tradition, the tradition of what Muslims actually did, is the Sunna. And so Rahman states, “ that the sunna

14 Khatib, Sunna, 124-26
15. Bourtn, J. Introduction to Hadith. p.2
16 ibid. p .46
17 Bukhari, Sahih, 1v. 62
18 Al-Tabrizi, Mishkat al –Masabih (1326), Ilm 32
19 Hammam ibn Munabbih, Sahifa, ed. Hamiduallah, M. (Paris,1380),9.
20 For detail see Bukahri pp35,6,7
21 See Azami, Schacht’s Origns, 109-11
22 . See. Rahman, F. Islam 2nd edition. Cp three.

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and Hadith were coeval and consubstantial in the earliest phase after Muhammad and that both were
directed towards and drew their normatively from him”23
Collection & the Early Continuous Written Tradition
It is said that at the time of the advent of Islam, there were no more than 17 persons in the city of Mecca
who knew how to read or write, and as regards the city of Medinah the number of those who knew the art
was even smaller. 24 After the migration to Medinah, Muslims laid there the foundations of New
Government and a City-State. The Prophet called for consultation all the inhabitants of the place, Meccan
immigrants, Medinan converts, Jews and the Arabs who had not yet embraced Islam and Promulgated a
State constitution. This is the first written-constitution of any state in the history of the history of the
world, according Dr Hamidullah ‘This is a writing of the prophet Muhammad, messenger of God, which is
(effective) between the Believers and the Muslims of the Quraishite origin and of Yathrib town and those
who follow them( the Muslims), come and join them and partake with them in war’…The word “ this is a
writing (Kitab)” 25used here, can apply to a written document only. In the course of the 47 section of this
constitutional law, the words “ the people of this document (sahifah)” are repeated five times.
Nabia Abbott tries to argue that there was an early and continuous practice of writing hadiths in Islam. By
"early" she means that the Companions of the Prophet themselves kept written records of hadiths and by
"continuous" that most hadiths were transmitted in written form (alongside the oral transmission) until the
time they were compiled in the canonical collections. For her, then, it is this written transmission of
hadiths that serves as the guarantee of their authenticity.26 The problem for Abbott, given this suggestion,
is the obvious lack of any early attempt to standardize all these reports about Muhammad and, more
tacitly, the lack of extant manuscripts from this period. Her solution to this conundrum is to lay the blame
squarely on the shoulders of the second caliph, `Umar I (d. 23/644). Because of the lack of familiarity with
the Qur'an in the newly conquered lands outside Arabia, the caliph feared "a development in Islam, parallel
to that in Judaism and Christianity,.
" So he destroyed the manuscripts of hadiths he discovered and punished those who had possessed them.
Many Companions avoided (at least publicly) the use of written and even oral hadiths lest they incur the
caliph’s wrath 27 even though they did not necessarily concur with him on this issue. There were many
contradictory statements made regarding the writing down of Hadith. Abu Sa’id al-Khudri transmitted a
Hadith on the authority of the Prophet (pbuh) that he said, “ Do not write from me anything except the
Qur’an and whoever has written anything from me other than the Qur’an should erase it”28 This was
challenged by many scholars, who deduced that it meant that nothing should be written with the Qur’an on
the same sheet. There is ample evidence that the Prophet (pbuh) allowed it. Abu Huraira reports that one of
the Ansar told the Prophet (pbuh) of his inability to remember what the Prophet (pbuh) said. The Prophet
(pbuh) is reported to have said, “ Call your right hand to your aid,” i.e. write it down. It is apparent that the
Prophet’s sayings would not have survived if they were confined to oral transmission only. However, the
real basis for the later collections of hadiths was the relatively few Companions, such as `Abd Allah ibn
`Amr (d. 65/684), Abu Hurayra (d. 58/678), Ibn `Abbas (d. 67–8/686–8), and Anas ibn Malik (d.
94/712),(may God pleased with them all) who continued to collect, record, and transmit them. The fact is
that the Prophet had asked the companions to refrain from recording his words suggest that the practices
were widespread.
The first professional transmitters were Muhammad’s illiterate follower Abu Hurayrah and his client Anas
b. Malik al-Ansari (d.94/712). When questioned about his numerous traditions, Abu Hurareah explained
that he was poor, had been long with Muhammad, and had devoted his life to memorizing his hadith, while

23 . Islam 2nd edition. Chapter Three. Pp 43 -53
24 Hmaidullah, S. Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih.pp8)
25. ibid
26 Nabia,Abbott,Studies 11, pp. 6-7.Her arguments are much more tersely summarized in her “Hadith Literauter- pp.289-98. See Also the Summary of her
position by Siddiqi, Hadith Literature, pp.131-2
27 See Abbott Studies 11,7 and note 24.
28 . Ibn Majah, p.20
 
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the Meccans were preoccupied with the market and Medinans with their lands. 29( Marwan b. al-Hakam,
twice governor of Medinah, had his secretary Abu i-Za’za’ah write a great number of traditions from Abu
Hurayrah’s recitation. 30 Abu Hurayrah dictated Hadith to many, especially to his son-in-law Sa’id b. al
Musayyib (d. 94/721), who became concerned when one of his pupils relied only on his memory.31
According to N. Abbott, the literate Ans b. Malik was a staunch defender of written Hadith. He transmitted
mostly from Muhammad (pubh) and his family and from a few leading Companions. He exhorted his sons
and pupils to “ Chain down knowledge through writing” from his dictation or copying his manuscripts.
‘Ubadah b. al-Samit al-Ansari (d.34/654 or 655), teacher of the Qur’an and of writing, transmited from
Abu Hurayrah and Ans. He established a family of three generations of Hadith scholars. His son and
grandson aimed at collecting from the Ansar. They transmitted from Ka’b.b Amr (d.55/675), who was
accompanied by a servant carrying a container full of manuscripts.32
Abbott recognizes that Western scholars, such as Goldziher and Schacht, question the veracity of the later
reports of literary activities during this early period. She states that she herself shared these same doubts
but now believes them to be largely unjustified, for the description of this period is relatively consistent
and well-attested. The Indian Scholar, M.Azami also elaborates this view and argues (like Abbott and
Sezgin) that there was already intense literary activity during the time of the Prophet, which he himself had
strongly encouraged. He then proceeds to list the hundreds of Companions, Successors, and scholars from
the first 150 years of Islam who, according to him, wrote down hadiths, along with the names of their
students who received hadiths from them in written form.33
Abbott adds: In an attempt to counter Goldziher’s suggestion of the secular nature of Umayyad rule,
Abbott argues that the “Umayyad caliphs Mu`awiya (d. 60/680), Marwan (d. 65/684) and `Abd al-Malik
(d. 86/705), for example, all took an active interest in transmitting and or recording hadiths. `Umar II is
particularly associated with hadith literature. Abbott accepts the report (found in the recession of Shaybani
(d. 189/805) of Malik ibn Anas’s Muwatta' that this Umayyad caliph commissioned Abu Bakr ibn
Muhammad ibn `Amr ibn Hazm (d. 120/738) to record hadiths and sunnah.”34 Abbott argues 35that he was
only one of many the caliph contacted in order to secure authentic hadiths, and that Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
was ordered to collate these numerous hadiths from the various regions of the empire. Abbott further
assumes that al-Zuhri finished this enormous task and that these drafts (manuscripts) were distributed, but
that because of resistance in the provinces and the untimely death of `Umar II, they never received much
attention (though the work of al-Zuhri lived on through his many noteworthy students). Thus, Abbott has
attempted to remedy this "oversight" by Goldziher and to give the Umayyads their due by stressing their
role in encouraging the written transmission of the hadith material. 36
With this form of transmission of hadiths, Abbott is also able to provide the following explanation for the
appearance of a rapid expansion in the number of hadiths—perhaps to counter Schacht’s spread-of-isnads
theory. Manuscripts, particularly those preserved by succeeding generations of the same family, which
were lengthy documents, were divided into separate sections and given the isnad of the original document.
From one such document could come hundreds of hadiths. "If not fully comprehended, this process would
give the impression of a sudden huge increase in the number of traditions . . ." Furthermore, Abbott argues
that the development of the family isnad and continuous written transmission lead to the . . . inescapable
conclusion . . . that the bulk of the hadith and sunna as they had developed by about the end of the first

29 Abbott, Studies, 1, 28 and 11, 133 and 240)
30 .Ibid, p. 11-19-20
31 .Ibid
32 .Ibid, 1,48, note 6.
33 . Azmi, M . Studies In Early Hadith Literature . chp . writings- pre- classical Hadith.,p 28-59
34 .Abbott, Studies 11, p.64.
35. It is worthy to not She adds that most Western scholars have not dared to venture much beyond Goldzhier. Abbott excludes Johann @#$%&,Josef Horovitz,
Rudi Paret and James robson, all of whom, incidentally, agree with her that contantes of the hadith corps were more or less fixed by the end of the first century.
Abbott, Studies 11, p.64. Also see Berg,H. The development of Exgesis in Early Islam Pages. 38-40
36 .See, Aboott, N.
 
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century was already written down by someone somewhere, even though comparatively small numbers of
memorized traditions were being recited orally.
That is, she not only accepts the bulk of family isnads as genuine (unlike Schacht), but also credits them
for guaranteeing the authenticity of hadiths in general. And, these parallel oral and written transmissions
each served to safeguard the other and so prevented the large-scale fabrication of hadiths. Therefore,
Abbott can conclude that the content of the sunna was more or less fixed by the time of al-Zuhri.
Abbott sees in the rihlas (the journeys in search of knowledge and usually associated with oral tradition),
in the use of the warraqah (stationer-copyists), and in the average memory of the average tradition’s
evidence for the continued use and production of manuscripts of hadiths. In fact, the oral transmission has
been overemphasized according to her because Western scholars have generally failed to grasp hadith
semantics properly. Arabic terminology for writing materials and in isnads has also been misunderstood.
An example of the former is the word sahifa. It is normally translated as "sheet (of writing material)" but
can refer to anything from a single sheet to a large draft (manuscript).
Cataloguing of Early Texts
Hadith written down officially during the Time of the Holy Prophet: Muhammad (pubh) used to declare: “
have been sent in the capacity of a teacher.37 He used, as often, to direct the children to acquire learning
from their neighbours.38 And take their lessons at the mosque in their streets.39
Fuat Sezgin also argues that there was an early, continuous written tradition in his Geschichte des
arabischen Schriftums, Band I: Qur'an Wissenschaften, Hadith, Geschichte, Fiqh, Dogmatik, Mystik bis
ca. 430 H.40 In many ways his evidence resembles that of Abbott and so it need not be fully restated.
However, his argument differs from hers in that it is a much more focussed and concerted attempt to
undermine the implications of Goldziher’s sceptical approach to the hadith literature. Sezgin realizes that
Goldziher did not have all the currently available sources, and in this respect cannot be unduly faulted.
However, in a harsher critique, Sezgin devotes considerable energy to trying to demonstrate that Goldziher
misunderstood some key terms related to the transmission of hadiths.
Sezgin lists eight ways in which transmission took place: sama`, qira'a, ijaza, munawala, kitaba, i`lam alrawi,
wasiya, and wijada. Sezgin states that only the first two (listening and recitation, respectively)
involved memorization. The others, and often in practice even sama` and qira'a, involved written
materials.41 Furthermore, written transmission was as customary as oral transmission.42
Clearly Sezgin (like Abbott) has no doubts as to the authenticity of the isnads. Moreover, he is willing to
suggest that from these authorities can be gleaned authors of actual texts. Sezgin traces a very different
history for hadith literature than that provided by Goldziher. He urges that the first stage involved simple
books (sahifas or juz's) produced by the Companions and the earliest Successors (and in this regard,
Goldziher and he agree).
M. M.Azami in his two major works, Studies in Early Hadith Literature and On Schacht’s Origins of
Muhammadan Jurisprudence, has attempted to rectify the perceived inadequacies of Western scholarship
on hadith literature and in particular to refute the theories of Schacht. Azami’s far more original and
valuable contribution to the study of hadiths comes with his defence of the isnad. Schacht contends that,
while the isnad system may be authentic for hadiths whose isnads end in second-century scholars, they are

37 (Ibn Majah, No 229 ) Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Mkhtasar Bayan al-Ilm p 15; Mishkat, in loco citing Darimi.)
38 Ibn Hajar, Isabah , Vol 1 No. 17
39 Ibn ‘ Abd al-Barr Mukhtasa Bayan al-Ilm, p. 14
40 Herbert Berg ,The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam. p,21
41 . ibid. p,22
42 .Segin, Geshichte,pp.58-62 See also Siddiqi,Hadith Literature,p.86
 
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certainly not for those which end with the Prophet or the Companions. Azami breaks down Schacht’s
contention into six main points and addresses each in turn.43
As mentioned above that writing of hadith was quite common among companions in the Prophet’s own
time and the books on separate subjects of practical interest had already begun to appear before the
Umayyad period, such as Zaid b. Thabit’s (d.45) booklet on the subject of Fara’id (share of inheritance)
Recognition of out standing religious scholars began early and continued to increase. “Masruq b. al-Ajda
‘(d.63/682), traditionist judge and poet, travelled far in search of knowledge. He credited Abu Bake, ‘Umar
b. al-Khattab, ‘ Ali b. Abi Talib, Mu’adh b. Jabal, Abu ‘l- Darda’, Zayd b. Thabit and Abdullah b. Abbas
(d.68/6880 with having acquird among them all the religious knowledge possessed by the Companions”.44
The Companions had begun to make notes for their own guidance in sheet and other materials. Know as
fallows:
Sahifa. This is a collection of the sayings of the Prophet, which were written down, by one of his
Companions during his lifetime “such collection which was assembled by Abu Hurayra and taught and
handed down by him to his students”45 or by their successors of the next generation. Goldziher, according
to whom some are also described as Rasa’il and Kutub, mentions several of these Sahifas.46
The most important of them however, is the Sahifa which was collected by’ Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As
(d.65/684), who gave it the title of al-Sahifa al-Sadiqa.47
b) Juz.This is a collection of hadith handed down on the authority of one single individual, be he or she a
Companion, or a member of any succeeding generation. The term juz’ is also applied to collections of
hadiths that were compiled on a specific subject, such as Intention, the Vision of God, and so forth.48
c) Risala. This is a collection of hadith which deals with one particular topic selected from the eight topics
into which the contents of the Jami books of hadith may generally be classified.
d) Musannaf. This is a more comprehensive collection of hadiths in which the traditions relating to most
or all of the above eight topics are assembled and arranged in various ‘books’ or chapters’ ‘ each dealing
with a particular topic. To this class belong the Muwatta’ of Imam Malik, the Sahih of Muslim, and similar
works.
e) Musnad. This term, which literally means ‘supported, was originally used for such traditions as were
supported by a complete uninterrupted chain of authorities going back to the Prophet via a Companion.
f) Mu’jam. This is generally applied to works on various subjects arranged in alphabetical order. The best
knowns are the Mu’jams of Abul’l-Qasim Sulayman ibn Ahmed ibn Ayyub al –Tabarani, who is generally
known by his nisab.
g) Jami. This is a hadith collection, which contains traditions relating to all the eight topics listed above
under the rubric of Risala. Thus, the Sahih of al-Bukhari, as well as the principal book of al-Tirmidhi, is
known as a Jami. The Sahih of Muslim, by contrast, is not so styled, because although it is comprehensive
in most areas, it does not contain traditions relating to all the chapters of the qur’an.
h) Sunan. Hadith Written officially during the time of the Holy Prophet.
It is well know that beginning of the tradition was purely oral, and that only gradual did it come to be
written down. In the beginning, before men thought of tradition a s foundation of the system, stories about
Prophet would almost inevitably be oral partly because many narrators would be illiterate, and partly
because such stories would merely be retailed for interest.
Hajji Khalifa says that the Companions and flower did not collect Traditions in written from because of
their sincere faith, there nearness to the time of the Prophet, the small amount of disagreement in their
time, the battles in which they engaged, and their having opportunities of referring to authorities.49 The

43 . Azami, Studies inearly Hadith Literature, p1-237
44 .See . N.Abbott. for futherdetalies .Hadith Literature.11
45 Hammam ibn Munabbih, edithed by Dr hamidullah , see Bibliography
46 Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 11,22-4
47 Ibn Sa’d, iv/I 262; Sezgin,1 84; Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 11,23
48. Dihlawi, Risala dar-Fann-i-Usul-i-Hadith Delhi,11255),22
49 Lexicon bibiographicum et encyclopedicum I, pp.79f.
 
PAGE 8

early students who carried works on the hadith were followed by many hadith specialists (known as
muhaddithun), various provinces of the Muslim world. Some of those major collectors of hadith are ‘Abd
al-Malik ibn ‘Abd al-aziz ibn Jurayj (d.150/760) worked at Mecca, Sa’d ibn Aruba (d.157/774) in
Mesopptamia, al-Awazai (d.159/775) in Syria, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman (d. 159/775) at Medina,
Za’id ibn Qudama (d.160.776) and Sufyan al- Thawri (d.161/777) at Kufa, and Hammad ibn Salma
(d.165/781) at Basra.’ 50
As almost all these works are lost, no opinion can be expressed on their plan, method or sprit, But Ibn al-
Nadim, who includes them in his calalouge, gives us a short comment on each. He calls the works of Ibn
Jurayj, Ibn Aruba, al-Awza’I, Ibn Abd al-Rahman and Za’ida ibn Qudama’ works on the Sunna, and says
that they are arranged like the books of fiqh-into chapters devoted to the same type as the Muwatta, the
early law manual of Imam Malik,51
Ethnicity and Judging Criteria
During the time of the prophet, the Companions were zealous to learn and recall his words and the
incidents of his life. A very strict system of judging traditions in virtue of the isnad arose, but it is difficult
to state when this began. Malik, in his Muwatta’, does always trouble to give a complete isnad, which
would suggest that by his time the method had not hardened into a strict system. But all the later books
give us complete lists of the authorities through whom the traditions were transmitted from the Prophet.
The theory is that traditions were transmitted in a regular manner, so that those who heard them from their
authorities were entitled to transmit them in turn. One is not justified in assuming that from the beginning
traditions were very particular in their methods; but as time went on, and Tradition became a matter of
vital importance, rules were elaborated. To illustrate just how strict the rules became, I give here a
summarized account of eight methods of transmission as described by Ibn al-Salah (577-643/ 118/1245) 52
1. Sama (Hearing) a shaikh’s words, which he dictates, or recites with out dictating. He may make
this recititation from memory, or read it from his book. This is generally held to be the highest
form, and the one who hears it may say haddathana, akhbarana, anba’ana, sami’tu, or qal lana
fulana (so and so said to us)
2. Ard: (Reading to Teacher) Reading over to a sheikh what one has heard. It is all the same whether
one reads it oneself, or is present, when someone else is reading. The one who recites may do so
from memory, or from a written copy. The sheikh may know the material by heart and merely
listen; but if he does not know it by heart, he must have his copy in his hand.
3. Ijaza (licence). The first type is to give a specified person licence to transmit a specified amount.
The second is to give a specified person licence to transmit something, which is not specified. One
may say, “ I give you licence to transmit all that I have heard.” There is a difference of opinion
about the value of this, but the majority are said to consider it perfectly satisfactory. The third is to
give licence, merely using a qualification without specifying a person. One may say, “ I give
licence to the Muslims,”
4. Munawala (handing over). This is of two types, the better of which is combined with a licence to
transmit, which is generally agreed to be also the highest type of ijaza. For example Zuhri(51-124)
gave his manuscript to several scholars, like Thauri, Auza’I and ‘Ubaidullah b. ‘Umar. It was
called munawala.
5. Kitabah. (Lit. Correspondence). This means that the sheikh writes to the student when he is absent
some of his traditions in his own handwriting; or he may write it for him when he is present or may
employ someone else to write it for the student as from him. I’lam: to inform about a hadith
6. The narrator may tell pupil that a certain tradition, or a certain book is what he heard from so and
so. Without saying any thing about his transmitting it.

50 Ibn al –Nadim, al-Fihrist,(Leipzing 1871-72 ce) 225-27.
51 . Ibid
52 Ulum al-hadith, pp. 14 off,
 
PAGE 9

7. Wasiyah (To entrust someone the book, which may be transmitted on the authority of the one who
entrusted the book. For example Abu Quilabah (d. 104) who entrusted his book to Ayyub al-
Sakhtiyani.
8. Wajada. (A late form of verbal noun from wajada to find). That is to find someone’s book without
any sort of permission to transmit on anyone’s authority. This was not a recognized way of learning
a hadith.
Certificate of reading
A regular record of the attendance was kept and after the reading of a book was completed, a note was
written either by the teacher or one of the famous scholars in attendance. This gave details of the
attendance, e.g. who listened to the complete book and who joined partially.53 ‘The purpose of the science
was to determine the authenticity of hadith attributed to the Prophet and to his companions and to preserve
the corpus from alteration or falsification. Scholars verified each report with a chain of authorities (isnad),
going back, as far as possible, to the Prophet himself. Razi, in 327 AH, wrote Kitab al-jarh wat ta`dil,
which was a book of details about the lives of traditions, or authorities, who had transmitted hadith’.54
Development of the ‘Science of the Hadith’
The hadiths were classified principally on the basis of the quality of the Isnad. The transmitter should be
‘adil55.56. By the middle of the 3rd /9th century the Hadith had taken definite form, had established almost
all its detailed contents, and completely won the field. As I referred above the Judging, check and balance
system develop with together. In order to collect, sift and systematize this massive and amazing product, a
number of eminent scholars began to travel through out the length and breadth of the then Muslim world.
This powerful movement is known as ‘Seeking of the Hadithith’. 57. By the end of the 3rd/ beginning of the
10th century several collections had been produced, six of which have since then been regarded as being
especially authoritative and are know as ‘ The Six Genuine Ones’.58

53 . (See for explanation Tadlis, Azami .p65 )
54 . Azami. Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature. , pp 47-57
55 .“That is, he should be known for the scrupulous observance of the ordinances of the religion: paryer, fasting, pilgrimage and support of the poor. He must
also avoid all intoxicants. He should be sober in manner and manly in his social conduct. He must, therefore, have the reputation of being truthful and honest in
all his dealings. He should be know to have applied accurate in reproducing precisely what he had personally acquired from those from whom he transmits. He
ought, by preference, also to be competence in Arabic, proficient enough to appreciate which types of words or particles affect the meaning and nucnce of what
he passes on- that is, if he is one of those who transmit hadiths according to the sense, as opposed to the strict letter. In the interests of accuracy, verbatim from a
book, his information will be accepted only if he had memorized his hadiths precisely as heard and he did not have to rely upon his text” Risala, pp.370-1
57 Rahman.F .Islam. P 63
58. See. Hadith Literature, its Orgins, cp.7 . Azami, Schachts;s Orgins, 114
 
Voici quelques articles du site maison islam traitant de divers thèmes

Pourquoi se référer non seulement au Coran mais aussi aux Hadîths ?
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=388

L'attribution d'un propos au Prophète et les vérifications quant à sa fiabilité
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=387

Classification de recueils de Hadîths d'après la fiabilité des Hadîths y étant relatés
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=385

La rédaction des Hadîths s'est-elle faite très tardivement ?
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=236

La vérification de l'authenticité des Hadîths : dès les premiers temps
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=235
 
A tête reposée je lirais peut être mais tu sais c'est très long , en plus il faut d'abord traduire tout ça :(

prend ton temps, tu dois te reposer pour mieux apprendre.

sinon il ya les articles en français que j'ai mis plus haut.

Il s'agi de voir jusqu'à quel point il est raisonnable de suivre les hadith: en d'autres termes, il faut montrer que la science du hadith est fiable
 
prend ton temps, tu dois te reposer pour mieux apprendre.

sinon il ya les articles en français que j'ai mis plus haut.

Il s'agi de voir jusqu'à quel point il est raisonnable de suivre les hadith: en d'autres termes, il faut montrer que la science du hadith est fiable

« Celui qui change de religion, tuez-le. »

Sahîh Bukhari, vol. 9, livre 84, numéro 57, rapporté par Ibn Abbas

« Ceux qui ont cru, puis sont devenus mécréants, puis ont cru de nouveau, ensuite sont redevenus mécréants, et n'ont fait que croître en mécréance, Allah ne leur pardonnera pas, ni ne les guidera vers un chemin »
Sourate 4 verset 137

Alors explique moi :

Si il faut tuer l'apostate quand il change de religion comme le stipule Muhammad, comment fait il l'apostate pour revenir à croire comme le stipule le Coran au verset cité ci-dessus ?
 
« Celui qui change de religion, tuez-le. »

Sahîh Bukhari, vol. 9, livre 84, numéro 57, rapporté par Ibn Abbas

« Ceux qui ont cru, puis sont devenus mécréants, puis ont cru de nouveau, ensuite sont redevenus mécréants, et n'ont fait que croître en mécréance, Allah ne leur pardonnera pas, ni ne les guidera vers un chemin »
Sourate 4 verset 137

Alors explique moi :

Si il faut tuer l'apostate quand il change de religion comme le stipule Muhammad, comment fait il l'apostate pour revenir à croire comme le stipule le Coran au verset cité ci-dessus ?

Salam breakbeat

Ce n'est pas le sujet mais je vais te répondre inchAllah avec mes moyens limités

Si tu avais la certitude que le Prophète a executé des apostats, rejetterais-tu l'Islam?

La majorité des savants, le consensus des salafs est en faveur d'une sanction de l'apostat: la seule divergence concerne l'application de cette peine, on se rappelera du contexte de cette peine: contexte de guerre avec traitres changeant de religion comme on changeait de vêtements...
Cependant, le Prophète saws n'a pas tout le temps appliqué cette peine et c'est cela qu'il faut creuser (causes qui ont fait que cela n'était plus applicable)
Après, l'exécution des apostats est ultraminoritaire de nos jours, cela n'est en rien un problème de santé publique et doit être considérée comme un faux débat vu la quantité d'autres problèmes existant de nos jours nécessitant des réponses plus urgentes...
 
Je réédites, j'ai mis des articles en français.

Voici quelques articles du site maison islam traitant de divers thèmes

Pourquoi se référer non seulement au Coran mais aussi aux Hadîths ?
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=388

L'attribution d'un propos au Prophète et les vérifications quant à sa fiabilité
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=387

Classification de recueils de Hadîths d'après la fiabilité des Hadîths y étant relatés
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=385

La rédaction des Hadîths s'est-elle faite très tardivement ?
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=236

La vérification de l'authenticité des Hadîths : dès les premiers temps
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=235
 
Salam breakbeat

Ce n'est pas le sujet mais je vais te répondre inchAllah avec mes moyens limités

Si tu avais la certitude que le Prophète a executé des apostats, rejetterais-tu l'Islam?

La majorité des savants, le consensus des salafs est en faveur d'une sanction de l'apostat: la seule divergence concerne l'application de cette peine, on se rappelera du contexte de cette peine: contexte de guerre avec traitres changeant de religion comme on changeait de vêtements...
Cependant, le Prophète saws n'a pas tout le temps appliqué cette peine et c'est cela qu'il faut creuser (causes qui ont fait que cela n'était plus applicable)
Après, l'exécution des apostats est ultraminoritaire de nos jours, cela n'est en rien un problème de santé publique et doit être considérée comme un faux débat vu la quantité d'autres problèmes existant de nos jours nécessitant des réponses plus urgentes...

Ce que tu dis est un mensonge,il nexiste pas dhistoire dinfiltration et tout le blabla

Lapostat est en rapport avec la religion,cest pas une question de traitrise..
 
Salam aleykoum

La seconde source de l'Islam est la Sunna
Depuis le début de l'Islam, nombreuses furent les tentatives de la pervertir, vu qu'il était difficile de toucher au Coran
C'est ainsi qu'est née la rigoureuse science du Hadith

Le but de ce post est de fournir un certain nombre d'informations venant modérer les contre-arguments classiques des anti-sunna

Salem

Ce nest pas une science mais une croyance

Maintenant est que tu peux me dire si la sunnah est une revelation ?
 

compassion

il y a, un 3aflite dans chaque bougie
VIB
Salam aleykoum

La seconde source de l'Islam est la Sunna
Depuis le début de l'Islam, nombreuses furent les tentatives de la pervertir, vu qu'il était difficile de toucher au Coran
C'est ainsi qu'est née la rigoureuse science du Hadith
comme il était difficile de toucher le coran on a inventer la science du hadiths :)
 

compassion

il y a, un 3aflite dans chaque bougie
VIB
@OJdeseille,

Pourquoi se référer non seulement au Coran mais aussi aux Hadîths ?
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=388

– 2.d) la Sunna offre aussi le modèle humain pour la mise en pratique de l'ensemble des règles qu'offre le Coran :
Elle induit un équilibre en plaçant chaque enseignement à sa place et en prévenant les risques d'excès : c'est bien le Prophète qui a enseigné comment à la fois être dévoué à Dieu, s'engager pour Sa cause, et avoir une vie humaine normale ; sans ce modèle, les musulmans se consacreraient à un enseignement coranique au détriment de tous les autres. :)

Le comble sans les hadiths, tu te case pas la tête, pour savoir de quelle pied on doit rentre au toile, de quelle coter tu doit dormir, comme boire un verre d'eau, ex
 
Salam breakbeat

Ce n'est pas le sujet mais je vais te répondre inchAllah avec mes moyens limités

Si tu avais la certitude que le Prophète a executé des apostats, rejetterais-tu l'Islam?

Salam.

Dans la réalité cela le lui a été interdit de le faire, donc je vois pas pourquoi il en aurait tué.

La majorité des savants, le consensus des salafs est en faveur d'une sanction de l'apostat: la seule divergence concerne l'application de cette peine, on se rappelera du contexte de cette peine: contexte de guerre avec traitres changeant de religion comme on changeait de vêtements...
Cependant, le Prophète saws n'a pas tout le temps appliqué cette peine et c'est cela qu'il faut creuser (causes qui ont fait que cela n'était plus applicable)
Après, l'exécution des apostats est ultraminoritaire de nos jours, cela n'est en rien un problème de santé publique et doit être considérée comme un faux débat vu la quantité d'autres problèmes existant de nos jours nécessitant des réponses plus urgentes...

Dans le contexte que les savants avance, quel preuves les savants avance pour affirmer cela ?
 

compassion

il y a, un 3aflite dans chaque bougie
VIB
@OJdeseille,

Pourquoi se référer non seulement au Coran mais aussi aux Hadîths ?
http://www.maison-islam.com/articles/?p=388

– 2.d) la Sunna offre aussi le modèle humain pour la mise en pratique de l'ensemble des règles qu'offre le Coran :
Elle induit un équilibre en plaçant chaque enseignement à sa place et en prévenant les risques d'excès : c'est bien le Prophète qui a enseigné comment à la fois être dévoué à Dieu, s'engager pour Sa cause, et avoir une vie humaine normale ; sans ce modèle, les musulmans se consacreraient à un enseignement coranique au détriment de tous les autres. :)

Le comble sans les hadiths, tu te case pas la tête, pour savoir de quelle pied on doit rentre au toile, de quelle coter tu doit dormir, comme boire un verre d'eau, ex
Suite :)
– 2.e) la Sunna offre une dynamique dans la mise en œuvre des enseignements coraniques :
Certains enseignements du Coran ne sont applicables que lorsque certains points ont pu être réalisés ; c'est la référence à la Sunna qui permet de le comprendre (lire à ce sujet notre articleComprendre les différences de situations des musulmans).

Tout ceci fait que le rapport entre les éléments communiqués par la Sunna et les éléments du Coran est comparable, toutes proportions gardées, au rapport existant entre la loi, décidée par l'autorité législative du pays, et le décret d'application de cette loi, décidé par l'autorité exécutive du même pays.

En quelque sorte si le coran ne plait pas on applique les hadiths ;)
 

compassion

il y a, un 3aflite dans chaque bougie
VIB
Suite :)
– 2.e) la Sunna offre une dynamique dans la mise en œuvre des enseignements coraniques :
Certains enseignements du Coran ne sont applicables que lorsque certains points ont pu être réalisés ; c'est la référence à la Sunna qui permet de le comprendre (lire à ce sujet notre articleComprendre les différences de situations des musulmans).

Tout ceci fait que le rapport entre les éléments communiqués par la Sunna et les éléments du Coran est comparable, toutes proportions gardées, au rapport existant entre la loi, décidée par l'autorité législative du pays, et le décret d'application de cette loi, décidé par l'autorité exécutive du même pays.

En quelque sorte si le coran ne plait pas on applique les hadiths ;)
Suite :D
-
3) Les données de la Sunna par rapport à celles du Coran :
Par rapport aux données du Coran, celles de la Sunna :
– 3.a) soit disent exactement la même chose ;

Si elle dit la même chose pourquoi le redire ?
 

compassion

il y a, un 3aflite dans chaque bougie
VIB
Suite :D
-
3) Les données de la Sunna par rapport à celles du Coran :
Par rapport aux données du Coran, celles de la Sunna :
– 3.a) soit disent exactement la même chose ;

Si elle dit la même chose pourquoi le redire ?
Suite :)
3) Les données de la Sunna par rapport à celles du Coran :

Par rapport aux données du Coran, celles de la Sunna :
– 3.a) soit disent exactement la même chose ;
– 3.b) soit expliquent un passage du Coran que des personnes n'ont pas compris correctement ; ou détaillent ce que le Coran a évoqué de façon sommaire
– 3.c) soit apporte une condition à ce que le Coran avait énoncé de façon inconditionnelle ;
– 3.d) soit apportent une règle que le Coran n'a pas du tout évoquée.

Exemple du troisième cas de figure (3.c) : le Coran dit que tel parent héritera de tel parent défunt. Mais la Sunna a rajouté à cela que si le premier a tué (même de façon accidentelle, d'après certains mujtahidûn) le second, il n'en héritera pas.

C'est pas claire :(


 

compassion

il y a, un 3aflite dans chaque bougie
VIB
Suite :)
3) Les données de la Sunna par rapport à celles du Coran :

Par rapport aux données du Coran, celles de la Sunna :
– 3.a) soit disent exactement la même chose ;
– 3.b) soit expliquent un passage du Coran que des personnes n'ont pas compris correctement ; ou détaillent ce que le Coran a évoqué de façon sommaire
– 3.c) soit apporte une condition à ce que le Coran avait énoncé de façon inconditionnelle ;
– 3.d) soit apportent une règle que le Coran n'a pas du tout évoquée.

Exemple du troisième cas de figure (3.c) : le Coran dit que tel parent héritera de tel parent défunt. Mais la Sunna a rajouté à cela que si le premier a tué (même de façon accidentelle, d'après certains mujtahidûn) le second, il n'en héritera pas.

C'est pas claire :(
Suite :) la il faut bien suivre pour bien comprendre la science du hadiths

Exemple du quatrième cas de figure (3.d) : le Coran a autorisé en soi la polygynie sous condition (voir Coran 4/3) ; cependant il a formulé l'interdiction qu'un homme soit marié simultanément à deux sœurs (Coran 4/23) ; le Prophète a rajouté à cela l'interdiction qu'un homme soit marié simultanément avec une femme et sa tante maternelle (al-Bukhârî 4819).

Donc on peux se marié avec ça tante paternelle ;) quoique le coran ne dit rien a se sujet :(
 
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