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[QUOTE="MOULLAN, post: 13555801, member: 378861"] ( et voici la derniere partie et la conclu) III. However, it’s necessary to analyze the different fight against these abuses of power. From the second part of the Ext century, movements, protestations and strikes in the Public space, in the street to struggle against power have become more and more powerful. There are many examples of resistance to power: The power experienced as unfair or unjust and harmful, called a power-**** who resists. Struggle for a more equitable and representative power against various forms of oppression and subjugation of minorities a) First, we can see racial claim with the struggle of black in SA. Actually, in the South Africa they are Racial Protest in order to live free. The most famous and important activist who dare to object against the Apartheid is Mandela. Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa he was given the name of Nelson by one of his teachers. In 1942 he became involved with the African National Congress (ANC), a multi-racial nationalist movement trying to bring about political change in South Africa. In 1948, the National Party came to power and began to implement a policy of ‘apartheid’, or forced segregation on the basis of race. It's here who beginning the struggle of Black. The ANC lead a campaign of passive resistance against apartheid laws, later Mandela became one of the ANC’s deputy presidents but he went on trial for treason. The court case lasted five years, and finally Mandela was acquitted. In March 1960, 69 black anti-apartheid demonstrators were killed by police at Sharpeville. The government declared a state of emergency and beaned the ANC. In response, the organization abandoned its policy of non-violence. Few years later, he was arrested and convicted to five years in prison for plotting to overthrow the government by violence. The following year Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment in Robben Island prison, of Cape Town, and later in Pollsmoor Prison. During his years in prison he became an international symbol of resistance to apartheid. In 1990, the South African government released Mandela. In 1991 Mandela became the ANC’s leader. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize together with de Klerk, then president of South Africa, in 1993. The following year South Africa knows his first multi-racial election and Mandela was elected the first black president. In 1999 his presidency of South Africa came to an end. In 2004, Mandela announced his retirement from public life, although his charitable work continued. He died on December 2013. b) Secondly, the struggle of black in USA. African-American protested to access public space as normal citizens, in order to live without fear and free, such as the Black Afrikaners. Let focus now put the stress on black militancy, for one century there had been Black codes, a real abuses of power and legal segregation, this segregation made the B infuriated that they couldn’t stand their situation anymore. As a consequence, it’s the beginning of the Black militancy in the twentieth century with 2 groups of militants that were: the integrationist who were optimistic, it’s an association for the advancement of colored people and the separatist; they thought the B had no choice but to return to Africa. They think negatively. However, those groups hadn’t been efficient. No matter their protestation were unsuccessful, the B community flatly refuse to give up. In 1943 they created the Congress of racial equality, but it also inefficient. Few years later the Southern Christian Leader Ship Conference was created, by Martin Luther King in order to definitely stop the B Codes. They dream of getting the rights they were supposed to have in theory, and they hadn’t in reality. To realize that they used peaceful methods. So, On the one hand they are Martin Luther King who was a Black American clergyman and civil right leader. He was a moving orator influenced by Gandhi’s methods. He is furious with violence, he thought that was immoral and for him it’s pointless to use force and fight. His most famous address “I have a dream” inspired many American. And one the other hand there was Malcolm X who is the leaders of the B Muslims; he used violent methods as he thought that is the only solutions. Malcolm X was a revengeful and disrespectful man, on the opposite MLK was a respectful man, he was faithful in the humanity. Despite the fact they had different philosophies, they were both obstinate and involved in the same struggle. Both, they dare to rebel against the government, they claim their rights and thanks to these fight the B became real citizens under the law and equal with the Whites. Due to their faith in humanity, their bravery they gained the real independence for all the Black. The African-American civil rights movement is conducted by much other important character, like: Rosa Parks, she is women who fight again a system. In the 1950's,Blacks and Whites had separate sections on buses. In 1955, a woman named Rosa Parks decided it was time to change all that. She is a seamstress who became a symbol of the struggle against racial segregation in the United States on 1 December 1955, in Alabama because she wouldn’t ever give up her seat to a white passenger on the bus. Arrested by the police, it’s compulsory for her to pay $ 15; she appealed this judgment. In November 1956, the Supreme Court breaks the segregationist laws in the bus, declaring them unconstitutional. She has won her fight. c) There now only remains to be study the social claim with women’s militancy. Like Rose P, they exist activist women in the world even if they are unusual. For example, Malala initially came to prominence when, as an 11-year-old, she wrote a diary for BBC Urdu, giving an account of how her school in Mingora town dealt with the Taliban’s 2009 edict to close girls’ schools. In October 2012 she was shot in the head by a Taliban gunman for « promoting secular education ». She recovered from the attack and was even more determined to continue her campaign which is now worldwide. In 2014 she became the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Her love for education, and her courage in standing up to the Taliban, made her an icon of bravery. Or Simone Veil, she is a French politician marked the fight for women's rights. In 1974 she was Minister of Health and presents his bill on abortion. There are 40 years, her fight was not easy, and she dares to raise a sensitive and important topic for women. They are other social demands to share the Power, for example: the Suffragette in the UK toward the parity women/men. To sum up, I guess this topic is very interesting. They are many examples, not in the same period; it shows that the abuses of power are still current. In my mind what is important for the world is to dare to object to a government or a pressure which discriminate and maltreat somebody or a group. Many government are capable of abusing their power, condemn innocent, to massacre a population, to imprisoned women. It's unacceptable, that's why many character fight against, they can be represents the hope and the heroes, thanks to them the world change and evolve. [/QUOTE]
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